List of Figures

1. The location of Afghanistan within Eurasia. From Allchin & Hammond, The Archaeology of Afghanistan, 1978, fig. 1.1. 2a. Map of geographic zones. From Dupree, Afghanistan, 1973. 2b. Map of elevations in Afghanistan. From Dupree, Afghanistan, 1973. 3. Map of river systems. From Dupree, Afghanistan, 1973. 4a. Map of the Kushan World. From The Crossroads of Asia, 1992. 4b. Map of South and Central Asia. From The Crossroads of Asia, 1992. 5. Map of major agricultural zones in Afghanistan. From Dupree, Afghanistan, 1973. 6. Map of the major Silk Roads and maritime trade routes. From Czuma, Kushan Sculpture: Images from Early India, 1985. 7. Map of South Asia in the Magadhan and Achaemenid periods. From J. Schwartzberg, A Historical Atlas of South Asia, 1978. 8. Map of the routes of Alexander the Great’s itinerary. From J. Schwartzberg, A Historical Atlas of South Asia, 1978. 9. Map of Graeco-Bactrian, Mauryan and Seleucid sites in Afghanistan. From W. Ball, Archaeological Gazetteer of Afghanistan, 1982. 10. Major powers of the post-Mauryan period. From J. Schwartzberg, A Historical Atlas of South Asia, 1978. 11. Map of nomadic migrations in Central Asia. From J. Schwartzberg, A Historical Atlas of South Asia, 1978. 12. Kushan and Satavahana domains. From J. Schwartzberg, A Historical Atlas of South Asia, 1978. 13. Sasanian and Kushano-Sasanian sites in Afghanistan. From W. Ball, Archaeological Gazetteer of Afghanistan, 1982. 14. Plan of Begram. From W. Ball, Archaeological Gazetteer of Afghanistan, 1982. 15. Photo of the junction of the Ghurband and Panjshir rivers. From Ghirshman, Bégram, 1946. 16. Photo of the Burj-i ‘Abdullah. From Ghirshman, Bégram, 1946. 17. The fortification wall of Begram. From Ghirshman, Bégram, 1946. 18. The fortification wall of Begram. From Ghirshman, Bégram, 1946. 19. The enclosure wall of the Burj-i ‘Abdullah. From Ghirshman, Bégram, 1946. 20. Plan of the ‘Bazaar’ by P. Hamelin 1951. From MDAFA VIII, Diverses Recherches Archéologiques en Afghanistan, 1959. 21. Architectural levels of Begram I and II. From Ghirshman, 1946. 22. Architectural level of Begram III. From Ghirshman, 1946. 23. Excavation site 2. Plan by Le Berre. From MDAFA XI, Nouvelles Recherches Archéologiques à Bégram, 1954. 24. Plan of the bastion outside Begram by J. Meunié. From MDAFA VIII, 1959. 25. Stone bas-relief from Begram. From Deydier, 1949-50. 26. Drawing of rooms 10 of the ‘New Royal City’ by P. Hamelin. Courtesy of Musée Guimet, Paris. 27. Drawing of rooms 13 of the ‘New Royal City’ by P. Hamelin. Courtesy of Musée Guimet, Paris. 28. Millefiori bowl. Begram 159, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA IX, 1939, fig.10. 29. Glass rhyton. Begram 158, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA IX, 1939, fig. 7. 30. Ichtyomorphic flask. Begram 202, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA IX, 1939, fig. 41. 31. Lattice work glass. Begram 194, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA IX, 1939, fig. 27. 32. Pillar-molded bowl. Begram 177, Musée Guimet. From Hackin, MDAFA IX, 1939, fig.22. 33. ‘Pharos’ beaker. Begram 203, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig. 359-360. 34. Painted glass Beaker. Begram 197, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA IX, 1939, fig.29-30. 35. Fragment of a painted glass beaker. Begram 163, Musée Guimet. From Hackin, MDAFA IX, 1939, fig.34. 36. Painted glass beaker. Begram 27. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, figs. 261-262. 37. Painted glass beaker. Begram 54., Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, figs. 257-260. 38. Bronze ‘shield’. Begram 216, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA IX, 1939, fig.48. 39. Bronze Balsamaria. Begram 240, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA IX, 1939, fig. 56. 40. Bronze statuette of Harpocrates. Begram 153, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig.322. 41. Bronze statuette of Serapis-Heracles. Begram 25, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig.325. 42. Bronze jar. Begram 1, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig. 339. 43. Bronze tripod. Begram 26, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig. 340. 44. Plaster medallion. Begram 145, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig. 277. 45. Plaster medallion. Begram 227, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig. 290. 46. Plaster medallion. Begram 140, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig. 303. 47. Plaster medallion depicting Eros and Psyche. Begram 112, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig. 305. 48. Plaster cast of Aphrodite. Begram 114, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig.297. 49. Alabaster vase. Begram 164, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA IX, 1939, fig. 11. 50. Alabaster bowl with handle. Begram 165, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA IX, 1939, figs. 16-17. 51. Porphyry vase. Begram 95, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig. 354. 52. Drawing of a Chinese lacquer fragment. Begram 215, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig. 247. 53. Drawing of a Chinese lacquer fragment. Begram 216, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig. 248. 54. Drawing of a Chinese lacquer fragment. Begram 229, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig. 249. 55. ‘Kinnari’ pot. Begram 72, Kabul Museum. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig. 241. 56. Table of Kharosti and Brahmi marks. 57. In situ photo of ‘Coffret II’. Begram 322. From Hackin, MDAFA IX, 1939, fig. 100. 58. In situ photo of ‘Coffret II’. Begram 322. From Hackin, MDAFA IX, 1939, fig. 102. 59. In situ photo of ‘Footstool IX’. Begram 329. From Hackin, MDAFA IX, 1939, fig. 154. 60. Reconstruction of ‘Footstool IX’. Begram 329. From Hackin, MDAFA IX, 1939, fig. 153. 61. P. Hamelin’s reconstruction drawing of ‘Footstool IX’. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig. 649. 62. P. Hamelin’s reconstruction drawing of ‘Footstool IX’. From Hackin, MDAFA XI, 1954, fig. 650. 63. In situ photo of a chair or table leg in the shape of an elephant. Begram 343. From Hackin 1939, fig. 240. 64. In situ photo of a chair or table leg in the shape of an elephant. Begram 344. From Hackin 1939, fig. 241. 65. In situ photograph of a statuette encased in a box. Begram 320, Kabul Museum. From Hackin 1939, fig. 75. 66. Ibid., close-up. Hackin 1939, fig. 76. 67. P.Hamelin’s reconstruction drawing of ‘Footstool X’. From Hackin 1954, fig. 652. 68. P.Hamelin’s reconstruction drawing of ‘Footstool X’. From Hackin 1954, fig. 653. 69. P. Hamelin’s reconstruction drawing of ‘Footstool XII’. From Hackin 1954, fig. 654. 70. . P. Hamelin’s reconstruction drawing of ‘Footstool XII’. From Hackin 1954, fig. 655. 71. In situ photo of a chairback. Ensemble 161. From Hackin 1954, fig. 1. 72. P. Hamelin’s reconstruction of a chairback. Ensemble 161. From Hackin 1954, fig. 636. 73. In situ photo of ensemble 5. From Hackin 1954, fig. 28. 74. In situ photo of ensemble 5. From Hackin 1954, fig. 29. 75. Sketch by J. Carl of ensemble 5. From Hackin 1954, fig. 632. 76. P. Hamelin’s reconstruction drawing of ensemble 5. From Hackin 1954, fig. 637. 77. Sketch by J. Carl of ensembles 1 and 4, and chairbacks 2 and 3. From Hackin 1954, fig. 631. 78. Ensemble 201 in situ. From Hackin 1954, fig. 2. 79. Sketch by J. Carl of ensemble 201. From Hackin 1954, fig. 634. 80. Sketch by J. Carl of ensembles 192 and 211, and chair 3. From Hackin 1954, fig. 633. 81. Reconstruction drawing of chairback 2 by P. Hamelin. From Hackin 1954, fig. 638. 82. Reconstruction drawing of chairback 3 by P. Hamelin. From Hackin 1954, fig. 639. 83. Reconstruction drawing of chairback 3 by P. Hamelin. From Hackin 1954, fig. 640. 84. In situ photo of ensemble 34. From Hackin 1954, fig. 5. 85. In situ photo of ensemble 34. From Hackin 1954, fig. 6. 86. In situ photo of ensemble 34. From Hackin 1954, fig. 7. 87. P. Hamelin’s reconstruction drawing of ensemble 34. From Hackin 1954, fig. 642. 88. P. Hamelin’s reconstruction drawing of ensemble 34. From Hackin 1954, fig. 641. 89. Reconstruction drawing by P. Hamilin of panels 1 and 4. From Hackin 1954, fig. 644. 90. Reconstruction drawing by P. Hamilin of panels 1 and 4. From Hackin 1954, 643. 91. Sketch by J. Carl of ensemble 191. From Hackin 1954, fig. 635. 92. In situ photo of ensemble 200. From Hackin 1954, fig. 3. 93. In situ photo of ensemble 191. From Hackin 1954, fig. 4. 94. Reconstruction sketch by P. Hamelin of the ‘throne’ from room 13. Courtesy of Musée Guimet. 95. Drawings of clothing types depicted on the Begram carvings. From Auboyer 1954, plate A. 96. Drawings of hairstyles shown on the Begram carvings. From Auboyer 1954, plate C. 97. Jewelry types shown on the Begram carvings. From Auboyer 1954, plate B. 98. Drawings of architectural forms depicted on the Begram ivory and bone carvings. From Auboyer 954, plate D. 99. Miscellaneous subjects depicted on the Begram carvings. From Auboyer, 1954, plate F. 100. Drawings of paraphernalia shown on the Begram objects. From Auboyer, 1954, plate E. 101. Ivory statuette from Pompeii. Front view. From During Caspers 1981. 102. Ivory statuette from Pompeii. Back view. From During Caspers 1981. 103. Ivory statuette from Pompeii. Top view. From During Caspers 1981. 104. Ivory figurine from Bhokardan, India. Front view. Courtesy of the Marathwada University, Aurangabad. 105. Ivory figurine from Bhokardan, India. Back view. Courtesy of the Marathwada University, Aurangabad. 106. Ivory statuette from Ter, India. From During Caspers 1981. 107. Ivory statuette from Ter, India. Back view. From During Caspers 1981. 108. Ivory comb from Dal’verzin-tepe, Uzbekistan. Obverse. From Antiquities of Southern Uzbekistan 1991, Catalogue number 92. 109. Ibid. Reverse. From Pugachenkova, Tresors de Dalverzine tepe, 1978, pl. 67. 110. Bone gaming piece. From Pugachenkova 1978, pl. 154. 111. Ivory comb from Tillya-tepe, Afghanistan. From Sarianidi, The Golden Hoard of Bactria, 1985, pl. 142, cat. 3.56. 112. Ivory comb from Taxila, Pakistan. Obverse. From Dwivedi, Indian Ivories, 1976, pl. 47. 113. Ivory comb from Taxila, Pakistan. Obverse. From Dwivedi, Indian Ivories, 1976. Reverse, pl. 48. 114. Ivory comb from Taxila, Pakistan. From Dwivedi 1976, p. 46. 115. Ivory comb from Taxila, Pakistan. From Dwivedi 1976, p. 46. 116. Ivory carving of a crouching griffin from the Jetavana Treasure. Photo by the author. 117. Ivory carving of a makara from the Jetavana Treasure. Photo by the author. 118. Facade of the Lomas Rsi cave. From B. Rowland, 1981, p. 64, pl. 18. 119. Great Stupa Sañci, east gateway. From B. Rowland 1981, pl. 42. 120. Stone relief from Mathurå depicting a gateway or torana. From Hackin 1954, fig. 494. 121. Stone relief from the Great Stupa at Sañci, western gateway. From M. Rao 1994, pl.8. 122. Stone relief from Bharut. From Hackin 1954, fig. 510. 123. Stone relief from Sañci. From Hackin 1954, fig. 513. 124. Stone pillar from Mathurå. From Hackin 1954, fig. 515. 125. Stone railing pillar from Mathurå. From Czuma 1985, p.94. 126. Stone railing pillar from Mathurå showing a yaksi. From Czuma 1985, p.93 127. Stone relief from Mathurå, pre-Kushan. From R.C. Sharma 1994, p.80. 128. Stone relief from Mathurå showing a mother and child. From R.C.Sharma 1994, p. 131. 129. Stone railing pillar with yaksi from Jaisingphura, Mathurå. From Rowland 1981, fig. 101. 130. Stone beams from Mathurå. From R.C. Sharma 1994, fig. 16-17. 131. Jain votive tablet from Mathurå. From Czuma 1985, catalogue number 3. 132. Border of a railing pillar from Amaråvat¥. From Knox 1992, p.38, pl. 18. 133. Fragment of a railing pillar from Amaråvat¥. From Knox 1992, p.46. 134. Fragment of a railing pillar from Amaråvat¥. From Knox 1992, p.62. 135. Fragment of a railing pillar from Amaråvat¥. From Knox 1992, p. 63. 136. Fragment of a rail coping from Amaråvat¥. From Knox 1992, p. 89. 137. Sqare slab from Amaråvat¥. From Knox 1992, p. 211. 138. Stone relief from Amaråvat¥. From Knox 1992, p. 123. 139. Stone relief from Någårjunakoˆ?a depicting mithuna couples. From Rosen Stone 1994, pl. 168. 140. Stone relief from Någårjunakoˆ?a depicting mithuna couples. From Rosen Stone 1994, pl. 169. 141. Stone relief from Någårjunakoˆ?a showing ‘Siddharta stringing the mighty bow’. From Rosen Stone 1994, pl. 200. 142. Mithuna couple from Någårjunakoˆ?a. From Rosen Stone 1994, pl. 277. 143. Stone relief from Gandhåra. From Bussagli 1984, p.71. 144. Kani©ka reliquary. From The Crossroads of Asia 1992, p. 193. 145. Stone relief from Gandhåra. From Bussagli 1984, p.52. 146. Stone relief from Gandhåra. From Auboyer, The Art of Afghanistan, 1968, pl. 51. 147. Stone relief from Gandhåra. From Auboyer, The Art of Afghanistan, 1968, pl. 50. 148. Coin of Eucradites. From T. Talbot Rice, Ancient Arts of Central Asia, 1965, fig. 116. 149. Taxila. From Bussagli 1984, p. 88. 150. Stone relief from Gandhåra. From Bussagli 1984, p. 118. 151. Bodhisattva from Gandhåra. From Bussagli 1984, p. 54. 152. Monastery of Jaulian, Gandhåra. From Bussagli 1984, p. 243. 153. Gold coin from the Tillya-tepe necropolis, Afghanistan. From Sarianidi 1985, cat. 4.25. 154. Kushan Aphrodite from the Tillya-tepe necropolis, Afghanistan. From Sarianidi 1985, cat. 6.3. 155. Man clutching dolphins from Tillya-tepe. From Sarianidi 1985, cat. 1.1. 156. Man clutching two winged creatures from Tillya-tepe. From Sarianidi 1985, cat. 2.7. 157. Pair of earrings inlaid with turqoise from Tillya-tepe. From Sarianidi 1985, cat. 5.2. 158. Gryllus from Koj-Krylgan-Kala.

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